Abraham 音标拼音: ['ebrəh
, æm]
n . 亚伯拉罕
亚伯拉罕
Abraham n 1 :
the first of the Old Testament patriarchs and the father of Isaac ;
according to Genesis ,
God promised to give Abraham '
s family (
the Hebrews )
the land of Canaan (
the Promised Land );
God tested Abraham by asking him to sacrifice his son ; "
Judaism ,
Christianity ,
and Islam each has a special claim on Abraham " [
synonym : {
Abraham }, {
Ibrahim }]
Abraham father of a multitude ,
son of Terah ,
named (
Gen .
11 :
27 )
before his older brothers Nahor and Haran ,
because he was the heir of the promises .
Till the age of seventy ,
Abram sojourned among his kindred in his native country of Chaldea .
He then ,
with his father and his family and household ,
quitted the city of Ur ,
in which he had hitherto dwelt ,
and went some 300 miles north to Haran ,
where he abode fifteen years .
The cause of his migration was a call from God (
Acts 7 :
2 -
4 ).
There is no mention of this first call in the Old Testament ;
it is implied ,
however ,
in Gen .
12 .
While they tarried at Haran ,
Terah died at the age of 205 years .
Abram now received a second and more definite call ,
accompanied by a promise from God (
Gen .
12 :
1 ,
2 );
whereupon he took his departure ,
taking his nephew Lot with him , "
not knowing whither he went " (
Heb .
11 :
8 ).
He trusted implicitly to the guidance of Him who had called him .
Abram now ,
with a large household of probably a thousand souls ,
entered on a migratory life ,
and dwelt in tents .
Passing along the valley of the Jabbok ,
in the land of Canaan ,
he formed his first encampment at Sichem (
Gen .
12 :
6 ),
in the vale or oak -
grove of Moreh ,
between Ebal on the north and Gerizim on the south .
Here he received the great promise , "
I will make of thee a great nation ,"
etc . (
Gen .
12 :
2 ,
3 ,
7 ).
This promise comprehended not only temporal but also spiritual blessings .
It implied that he was the chosen ancestor of the great Deliverer whose coming had been long ago predicted (
Gen .
3 :
15 ).
Soon after this ,
for some reason not mentioned ,
he removed his tent to the mountain district between Bethel ,
then called Luz ,
and Ai ,
towns about two miles apart ,
where he built an altar to "
Jehovah ."
He again moved into the southern tract of Palestine ,
called by the Hebrews the Negeb ;
and was at length ,
on account of a famine ,
compelled to go down into Egypt .
This took place in the time of the Hyksos ,
a Semitic race which now held the Egyptians in bondage .
Here occurred that case of deception on the part of Abram which exposed him to the rebuke of Pharaoh (
Gen .
12 :
18 ).
Sarai was restored to him ;
and Pharaoh loaded him with presents ,
recommending him to withdraw from the country .
He returned to Canaan richer than when he left it , "
in cattle ,
in silver ,
and in gold " (
Gen .
12 :
8 ;
13 :
2 .
Comp .
Ps .
105 :
13 ,
14 ).
The whole party then moved northward ,
and returned to their previous station near Bethel .
Here disputes arose between Lot '
s shepherds and those of Abram about water and pasturage .
Abram generously gave Lot his choice of the pasture -
ground . (
Comp .
1 Cor .
6 :
7 .)
He chose the well -
watered plain in which Sodom was situated ,
and removed thither ;
and thus the uncle and nephew were separated .
Immediately after this Abram was cheered by a repetition of the promises already made to him ,
and then removed to the plain or "
oak -
grove "
of Mamre ,
which is in Hebron .
He finally settled here ,
pitching his tent under a famous oak or terebinth tree ,
called "
the oak of Mamre " (
Gen .
13 :
18 ).
This was his third resting -
place in the land .
Some fourteen years before this ,
while Abram was still in Chaldea ,
Palestine had been invaded by Chedorlaomer ,
King of Elam ,
who brought under tribute to him the five cities in the plain to which Lot had removed .
This tribute was felt by the inhabitants of these cities to be a heavy burden ,
and after twelve years they revolted .
This brought upon them the vengeance of Chedorlaomer ,
who had in league with him four other kings .
He ravaged the whole country ,
plundering the towns ,
and carrying the inhabitants away as slaves .
Among those thus treated was Lot .
Hearing of the disaster that had fallen on his nephew ,
Abram immediately gathered from his own household a band of 318 armed men ,
and being joined by the Amoritish chiefs Mamre ,
Aner ,
and Eshcol ,
he pursued after Chedorlaomer ,
and overtook him near the springs of the Jordan .
They attacked and routed his army ,
and pursued it over the range of Anti -
Libanus as far as to Hobah ,
near Damascus ,
and then returned ,
bringing back all the spoils that had been carried away .
Returning by way of Salem ,
i .
e .,
Jerusalem ,
the king of that place ,
Melchizedek ,
came forth to meet them with refreshments .
To him Abram presented a tenth of the spoils ,
in recognition of his character as a priest of the most high God (
Gen .
14 :
18 -
20 ).
In a recently -
discovered tablet ,
dated in the reign of the grandfather of Amraphel (
Gen .
14 :
1 ),
one of the witnesses is called "
the Amorite ,
the son of Abiramu ,"
or Abram .
Having returned to his home at Mamre ,
the promises already made to him by God were repeated and enlarged (
Gen .
13 :
14 ). "
The word of the Lord " (
an expression occurring here for the first time ) "
came to him " (
15 :
1 ).
He now understood better the future that lay before the nation that was to spring from him .
Sarai ,
now seventy -
five years old ,
in her impatience ,
persuaded Abram to take Hagar ,
her Egyptian maid ,
as a concubine ,
intending that whatever child might be born should be reckoned as her own .
Ishmael was accordingly thus brought up ,
and was regarded as the heir of these promises (
Gen .
16 ).
When Ishmael was thirteen years old ,
God again revealed yet more explicitly and fully his gracious purpose ;
and in token of the sure fulfilment of that purpose the patriarch '
s name was now changed from Abram to Abraham (
Gen .
17 :
4 ,
5 ),
and the rite of circumcision was instituted as a sign of the covenant .
It was then announced that the heir to these covenant promises would be the son of Sarai ,
though she was now ninety years old ;
and it was directed that his name should be Isaac .
At the same time ,
in commemoration of the promises ,
Sarai '
s name was changed to Sarah .
On that memorable day of God '
s thus revealing his design ,
Abraham and his son Ishmael and all the males of his house were circumcised (
Gen .
17 ).
Three months after this ,
as Abraham sat in his tent door ,
he saw three men approaching .
They accepted his proffered hospitality ,
and ,
seated under an oak -
tree ,
partook of the fare which Abraham and Sarah provided .
One of the three visitants was none other than the Lord ,
and the other two were angels in the guise of men .
The Lord renewed on this occasion his promise of a son by Sarah ,
who was rebuked for her unbelief .
Abraham accompanied the three as they proceeded on their journey .
The two angels went on toward Sodom ;
while the Lord tarried behind and talked with Abraham ,
making known to him the destruction that was about to fall on that guilty city .
The patriarch interceded earnestly in behalf of the doomed city .
But as not even ten righteous persons were found in it ,
for whose sake the city would have been spared ,
the threatened destruction fell upon it ;
and early next morning Abraham saw the smoke of the fire that consumed it as the "
smoke of a furnace " (
Gen .
19 :
1 -
28 ).
After fifteen years '
residence at Mamre ,
Abraham moved southward ,
and pitched his tent among the Philistines ,
near to Gerar .
Here occurred that sad instance of prevarication on his part in his relation to Abimelech the King (
Gen .
20 ). (
See {
ABIMELECH }.)
Soon after this event ,
the patriarch left the vicinity of Gerar ,
and moved down the fertile valley about 25 miles to Beer -
sheba .
It was probably here that Isaac was born ,
Abraham being now an hundred years old .
A feeling of jealousy now arose between Sarah and Hagar ,
whose son ,
Ishmael ,
was no longer to be regarded as Abraham '
s heir .
Sarah insisted that both Hagar and her son should be sent away .
This was done ,
although it was a hard trial to Abraham (
Gen .
21 :
12 ). (
See HAGAR �
T0001583 ; {
ISHMAEL }.)
At this point there is a blank in the patriarch '
s history of perhaps twenty -
five years .
These years of peace and happiness were spent at Beer -
sheba .
The next time we see him his faith is put to a severe test by the command that suddenly came to him to go and offer up Isaac ,
the heir of all the promises ,
as a sacrifice on one of the mountains of Moriah .
His faith stood the test (
Heb .
11 :
17 -
19 ).
He proceeded in a spirit of unhesitating obedience to carry out the command ;
and when about to slay his son ,
whom he had laid on the altar ,
his uplifted hand was arrested by the angel of Jehovah ,
and a ram ,
which was entangled in a thicket near at hand ,
was seized and offered in his stead .
From this circumstance that place was called Jehovah -
jireh ,
i .
e ., "
The Lord will provide ."
The promises made to Abraham were again confirmed (
and this was the last recorded word of God to the patriarch );
and he descended the mount with his son ,
and returned to his home at Beer -
sheba (
Gen .
22 :
19 ),
where he resided for some years ,
and then moved northward to Hebron .
Some years after this Sarah died at Hebron ,
being 127 years old .
Abraham acquired now the needful possession of a burying -
place ,
the cave of Machpelah ,
by purchase from the owner of it ,
Ephron the Hittite (
Gen .
23 );
and there he buried Sarah .
His next care was to provide a wife for Isaac ,
and for this purpose he sent his steward ,
Eliezer ,
to Haran (
or Charran ,
Acts 7 :
2 ),
where his brother Nahor and his family resided (
Gen .
11 :
31 ).
The result was that Rebekah ,
the daughter of Nahor '
s son Bethuel ,
became the wife of Isaac (
Gen .
24 ).
Abraham then himself took to wife Keturah ,
who became the mother of six sons ,
whose descendants were afterwards known as the "
children of the east " (
Judg .
6 :
3 ),
and later as "
Saracens ."
At length all his wanderings came to an end .
At the age of 175 years ,
100 years after he had first entered the land of Canaan ,
he died ,
and was buried in the old family burying -
place at Machpelah (
Gen .
25 :
7 -
10 ).
The history of Abraham made a wide and deep impression on the ancient world ,
and references to it are interwoven in the religious traditions of almost all Eastern nations .
He is called "
the friend of God " (
James 2 :
23 ), "
faithful Abraham " (
Gal .
3 :
9 ),
"
the father of us all " (
Rom .
4 :
16 ).
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