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stiffen    音标拼音: [st'ɪfən]
vt. 使坚硬,使僵硬,使生硬,使粘稠
vi. 变粘,变硬,变猛烈

使坚硬,使僵硬,使生硬,使粘稠变粘,变硬,变猛烈

stiffen
v 1: become stiff or stiffer; "He stiffened when he saw his boss
enter the room" [ant: {loose}, {loosen}, {relax}]
2: make stiff or stiffer; "Stiffen the cream by adding gelatine"
[ant: {loose}, {loosen}]
3: restrict; "Tighten the rules"; "stiffen the regulations"
[synonym: {stiffen}, {tighten}, {tighten up}, {constrain}]

Stiffen \Stiff"en\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Stiffened}; p. pr. &
vb. n. {Stiffening}.] [See {Stiff}.]
1. To make stiff; to make less pliant or flexible; as, to
stiffen cloth with starch.
[1913 Webster]

Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]

2. To inspissate; to make more thick or viscous; as, to
stiffen paste.
[1913 Webster]

3. To make torpid; to benumb.
[1913 Webster]


Stiffen \Stiff"en\, v. i.
To become stiff or stiffer, in any sense of the adjective.
[1913 Webster]

Like bristles rose my stiffening hair. --Dryden.
[1913 Webster]

The tender soil then stiffening by degrees. --Dryden.
[1913 Webster]

Some souls we see,
Grow hard and stiffen with adversity. --Dryden.
[1913 Webster]


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  • Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Authorship in Scientific . . .
    Authorship should not be attributed to an individual who does not make a substantial intellectual contribution to the work (refer to FAQ 1); what you describe is called “ghost” authorship and is a common authorship abuse Adding the name of a well-known scientist to make a scientific work more impressive undermines the research, and
  • Determining Authorship and Resolving Disputes - Research . . .
    Ghost authorship is the failure to identify as an author someone who has made substantial contributions to the research or writing of a manuscript thus meriting authorship or allowing significant editorial control of a publication by an unnamed party, which may constitute a real or perceived conflict of interest that should be disclosed
  • No room for ambiguity: The concepts of appropriate and . . .
    Everyone who has made substantial intellectual contributions to the study on which the article is based (for example, the research question, design, analysis, interpretation, and written description) should be an author
  • RESEARCH DESIGN CHAPTER 6: COAUTHORING Flashcards - Quizlet
    1 No ghost authorship: failure to include as a coauthor on who has made a substantial intellectual contribution to a research project 2 No gift authorship: occurs when someone who has not earned authorship is added to the list of authors
  • Ghost Authorship, Gift Authorship, Guest Authorship - AJE
    Ghost authorship is when someone who substantially contributed to a study is left out of the author list Gift authorship and guest authorship are when someone who doesn’t qualify as an author is still given credit for being one
  • Co-authorship - Forskningsetikk
    Ghost authorship: A person writes the entire text or makes substantial contributions but is not credited as a (co-)author Excluded authorship: An individual who has made a substantial contribution is excluded from the list of (co-)authors
  • 2. 2 Authorship and Authorship Responsibilities
    “Each author is expected to have made substantial contributions to the conception OR design of the work; OR the acquisition, analysis, OR interpretation of data; OR have drafted the work or substantively revised it; AND to have approved the submitted version (and any substantially modified version that involves the author’s contribution to





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