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  • Petroleum refining | Definition, History, Processes, Facts - Britannica
    Petroleum refining, conversion of crude oil into useful products, including fuel oils, gasoline (petrol), asphalt, and kerosene Learn more about petroleum refining, including its history and the various processes used to create the different products
  • Petroleum refining - Cracking, Fractional Distillation, Catalytic . . .
    Petroleum refining - Cracking, Fractional Distillation, Catalytic Reforming: Each petroleum refinery is uniquely configured to process a specific raw material into a desired slate of products In order to determine which configuration is most economical, engineers and planners survey the local market for petroleum products and assess the available raw materials Since about half the product of
  • Gold processing - Refining, Smelting, Purifying | Britannica
    Gold processing - Refining, Smelting, Purifying: Gold extracted by amalgamation or cyanidation contains a variety of impurities, including zinc, copper, silver, and iron Two methods are commonly employed for purification: the Miller process and the Wohlwill process The Miller process is based on the fact that virtually all the impurities present in gold combine with gaseous chlorine more
  • Refining | industrial process | Britannica
    Other articles where refining is discussed: metallurgy: Extractive metallurgy: Extraction is often followed by refining, in which the level of impurities is brought lower or controlled by pyrometallurgical, electrolytic, or chemical means Pyrometallurgical refining usually consists of the oxidizing of impurities in a high-temperature liquid bath Electrolysis is the dissolving of metal from
  • Aluminum processing | History, Mining, Refining, Facts | Britannica
    Aluminum processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products In addition to its low density, many of the applications of aluminum and its alloys are based on its high electrical and thermal conductivity, high reflectivity, and resistance to corrosion Learn more about aluminum processing
  • Gold processing | Refining, Smelting Purifying | Britannica
    Gold processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products For thousands of years the word gold has connoted something of beauty or value These images are derived from two properties of gold, its colour and its chemical stability The colour of gold is due to the electronic structure of
  • Steel - Smelting, Alloying, Refining | Britannica
    Steel - Smelting, Alloying, Refining: In principle, steelmaking is a melting, purifying, and alloying process carried out at approximately 1,600° C (2,900° F) in molten conditions Various chemical reactions are initiated, either in sequence or simultaneously, in order to arrive at specified chemical compositions and temperatures Indeed, many of the reactions interfere with one another
  • Aluminum processing - Smelting, Refining, Alloying | Britannica
    Aluminum processing - Smelting, Refining, Alloying: Although there are several methods of producing aluminum, only one is used commercially The Deville process, which involves direct reaction of metallic sodium with aluminum chloride, was the basis of aluminum production in the late 19th century, but it has been abandoned in favour of the more economical electrolytic process A carbothermic
  • Cracking | Catalytic, Hydrocarbon, Reforming | Britannica
    cracking, in petroleum refining, the process by which heavy hydrocarbon molecules are broken up into lighter molecules by means of heat and usually pressure and sometimes catalysts Cracking is the most important process for the commercial production of gasoline and diesel fuel Cracking of petroleum yields light oils (corresponding to gasoline), middle-range oils used in diesel fuel, residual
  • Zinc processing | Extraction, Refining Uses | Britannica
    zinc processing, the extraction of zinc from its ores and the preparation of zinc metal or chemical compounds for use in various products Zinc (Zn) is a metallic element of hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystal structure and a density of 7 13 grams per cubic centimetre It has only moderate hardness and can be made ductile and easily worked at temperatures slightly above the ambient In solid





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